@article{ author = {Jalalian, Ezzatollah and Shalchi, Majid and Hajian-Tilaki, Arefeh and AghajaniNargesi, Reihaneh}, title = {Adhesion of Streptococcus Mutans to Zirconia, Enamel, IPS Empress II, Noble Alloy and Base-metal: An In-Vitro Comparative Study}, abstract ={Introduction: With increased usage of restorative materials, dentists are more concerned in choosing a suitable material with lower adhesion of pathogens like streptococci. This comparative in vitro study aimed to compare adhesion of streptococcus mutans to zirconia, IPS Empress II, noble alloy, and base-metal. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 50 specimens (5 mm diameter disk with 1 mm thickness) were prepared (10 for each material; zirconia, enamel, IPS Empress II, noble alloy, and base-metal). Enamel was used as reference. The specimens were covered by artificial saliva and bacterial suspension. Scanning electron microscope and culturing the specimens in blood agar was used for evaluating bacterial adhesion. The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test. Results: There was a significant difference in adhesion among study groups (P<0.001). The least amount of adhesion was observed in zirconia group (28±6.32), followed by enamel (48.2±8.4), IPS Empress II (50.6±6.99), noble (76±4.9) and base-metal (106.4±9.44). There was no significant difference in surface roughness among study groups. Conclusion: Zirconia showed the lowest bacterial adhesion in comparison to other restorative materials. Therefore, the findings of the present study highlight the fact that restorative ceramics, including zirconia is a better choice in patients with poor oral hygiene and those susceptible to periodontal disease.}, Keywords = {Bacterial adhesion, Streptococcus mutans, Restorative material}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.1}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shalchi, Majid and Hajian-Tilaki, Arefeh and khanjani, Mehrdad Sadegh and Sabzgolin, Peyman and AghajaniNargesi, Reihaneh}, title = {Comparing Streptococcus Mutans Adhesion by Using Different Orthodontic Bracket Ligations: An In Vitro Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Orthodontic treatments and brackets application with various ligature methods have increased worldwide, but the growth rate and mechanism of microorganism adhesion to these ligatures is not fully discovered. The current study aimed to compare the level of streptococcus mutans adhesion to three different ligation methods. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 30 samples. Three different ligature methods were used and 10 samples were used in each group. In group A, conventional brackets with elastomeric ligature, in group B, conventional brackets with steel wire ligature and in group C, self-ligated brackets were used. Resin composite was condensed on the mesh surface of the brackets and cured for 40 seconds. Then, the coated samples with saliva were put into glass vials, immersed in 2 mL of streptococcus mutans suspension (×109 CFU) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. Then, the samples were washed 3 times with normal saline, immersed into 2 mL of normal saline and shaked for 2 min. The obtained suspension was cultured on blood agar incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and the formed colonies counted. In analysis, we performed 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey test with multiple comparison in SPSS version 16.  Results: According to the results, streptococcus mutans growth rate showed statistically significant differences in the three groups. It was minimum in the steel wire (23.80±1.40), and maximum in elastomeric ligatures (38.60±1.84). Conclusion: Steel wire ligatures had better effect on decreasing bacterial adhesion. The findings high light to decrease the use of elastomeric ligation brackets in patients with poor oral hygiene. }, Keywords = {Adhesiveness, Orthodontic bracket, Streptococcus mutans}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {7-12}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.7}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {AfsariErdchi, Erfaneh and Aryanian, Sara and AshouriMoghaddam, Anahita and Irannezhad, Azin and KazemNezhadLeyli, Ehs}, title = {Comparing the Effect of Multimedia and Practical Education on the Oral Hygiene of Orthodontic Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Brackets and other fixed orthodontic appliances not only make tooth brushing more difficult, but also provide a suitable environment for the accumulation of plaque. To prevent this situation, dentists usually educate their patients to control the plaque formation and maintain good oral hygiene. This study aims to compare the effect of multimedia and practical education on the knowledge and practice of oral hygiene in patients with the fixed orthodontics appliances. Materials and Methods: In this educational trial study, based on inclusion criteria, 60 patients aged 12-35 years with orthodontic brackets bonded to their upper jaw teeth for less than 6 months were consecutively selected from referrals to the specialty dental clinic of the International Branch of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The samples were randomly divided in two groups of 30 subjects: practical education group and multimedia education group. Plaque and gingival indices and knowledge of the patients before and 2 months after the training were compared. To compare the knowledge score, gingival index and plaque index before and after the training and also to compare the changes in these variables in the two groups, t-test analysis was performed. Results: The knowledge level, the gingival index and plaque index of both educational groups improved after education compared to before the education (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between two groups with regard to changes in the variables of knowledge level (P=0.823), plaque index (P=0.66), and gingival index (P=0.292). Conclusion: Both educational methods improved the hygiene and the awareness of the dental practice. Therefore, learning by a validated multimedia in the presence of an expert to answer the questions is as effective as the practical approach for the oral health and hygiene of orthodontic patients.}, Keywords = {Oral hygiene, Orthodontic patient, Multimedia education, Practical education}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-22}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.13}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jahandideh, Yosef and Basirat, Maryam and Kananian, Behz}, title = {Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder in Dental Students}, abstract ={Introduction: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is one the most common maxillofacial disorders and its prevalence has been reported variously in different populations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptoms of TMD in dental students of Post Basic Science course, Faculty of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried on 120 dental students (from 140 students) who participated and answered the questions of this study in 2016. Demographic data of dental students were collected and all subjects were clinically examined. The diagnosis of TMD was confirmed on the basis of its signs and symptoms, including click, pain, or tenderness of masticatory muscle, jaw deviation during mouth opening and limited mouth opening. The prevalence of TMD in subjects was assessed with respect to age, gender, marital status, parafunctional habits, history of trauma, and nutritional status. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 21 (P<0.05). Results: The sample consisted of 120 subjects, 55 (45.8%) women and 65 (54.2%) men. The prevalence of TMD was found as 28%, which had a relationship with parafunctional habits, muscle tenderness, tooth wear, jaw dislocation, trauma, temporomandibular joint pain, and in some symptoms with age. While it was not associated with factors such as gender, marital status, nutrition type, click, deviation, headache, migraine, earache, posterior tooth loss, and contact in balancing side. Conclusion: TMD is a relatively common condition among dental students. By providing the necessary training for students, especially for those who are at risk (patients with parafunctional habits, tooth wear, jaw dislocation, trauma), we can prevent TMD.}, Keywords = {Temporomandibular joint Disorders, Click, Parafunctional habits}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.23}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Basirat, Maryam and Kia, Seyed Javad and Motevasseli, Safa and Dadgaran, Ideh}, title = {Knowledge and Attitude of Faculty Members Towards Integrated Curriculum in Dentistry and Its Related Factors}, abstract ={Introduction: Integration of curriculum is currently performing in dental schools. Many factors such as proper and purposive planning, teachers’ experience and attitude, optimal condition and facilities in the context can impact the integration process. This research aimed to investigate knowledge and attitude of dentistry faculty members towards integrated curriculum and its related factors. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, knowledge and attitude of 51 faculty members of Guilan Dental School were assessed through a researcher-made questionnaire in 2016. Knowledge and attitude parts were assessed by 8 and 18 questions, respectively. Wrong answer to each question of knowledge part scores 0 and the right answer 1. In calculation of attitude score, score of 5 was given to complete agreement, 4 to agreement, 3 to no opinion, 2 to disagreement, and 1 to complete disagreement. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed through content validity test [Content Validity Index (CVI)=0.8, Content Validity Ratio (CVR)=0.86)] and the reliability of questionnaire was examined by test-retest (r=0.8). The obtained data were analyzed by the Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson correlation, and Spearman rank tests in SPSS (version 20). Results: Faculty members’ Mean±SD score in knowledge was 3.2±0.273. About 7.8% of the faculty members had high level of knowledge, 27.5% good level of knowledge and 43.1% moderate level of knowledge. About 64.7% of the faculty members had negative attitude towards integrated education, but 27.5% of members had positive attitude towards integrated education. There were not significant relationships between age, gender and work experience with knowledge scores and also attitude. Conclusion: Given the need for change in teaching methods, we hope to increase student’s problem-solving skills, and deep sustainable learning with creation and preparation of curriculum integration requirements.}, Keywords = {Integration of education, Knowledge, Attitude, Dentistry, Curriculum}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-36}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.29}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aminishakib, Pouyan and Kashefi, Mohammad and MoradiGhahdarijani, Behrooz and Yazdani, Farzad and Nafarzadeh, Shima and Gholami, Azadeh and Bijani, Ali and Mehrabi, Sar}, title = {Neoangiogenesis in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors}, abstract ={Introduction: There are few studies investigating the role of neoangiogenesis in biological behavior of salivary gland tumors. CD105 expression has demonstrated greater accuracy for detecting new vessel formation compared with other pan-endothelial molecules. This study aimed to assess and compare intratumoral Micro-Vessel Density (MVD) through using immunohistochemichal expression of CD105 biomarker in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC), Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (AdCC) and Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA). Materials and Methods: CD105 expression using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was assessed in 20 cases of PA, 20 cases of AdCC, 20 cases of MEC, and 10 cases of normal salivary gland tissues. Positive intratumoral micro-vessels for CD105 expression were measured quantitatively for the assessment of Micro-Vessel Density (MVD) in each group. Groups differences in MVD was analyzed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test were also carried out. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: CD105 positive vessels were rarely seen in normal salivary gland tissue. Statistically significant differences in MVD were observed between the normal salivary gland tissue and AdCC and also MEC (P<0.017 and P<0.001, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in MVD between PA and AdCC and also MEC (P<0.018 and P<0.001, respectively). MVD was higher in MEC in comparison with AdCC (P<0.002). Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated higher neoangiogenesis in AdCC and MEC by measuring CD105 expression, which suggests a possible role for this phenomenon in aggressive behavior of these malignant salivary gland tumors.}, Keywords = {Endoglin, Pathologic neovascularization, Salivary gland neoplasms}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-42}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.37}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rastin, Verisheh and Azizi, Bahareh and Modabbernia, Shirin and Fayazi, Niloofar and Rahimi, Mohamm}, title = {Evaluation of Periodontal Disease Effect on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Dental Pulp}, abstract ={Introduction: Researchers have always been interested in the close and mutual relationship between the pulp and periodontal tissues. Although the effects of pulpal disease on periodontium have been well known, the clear relationship between periodontitis and pulp has not been documented . It seems that bacteria and inflammatory products of periodontitis can affect pulp through accessory canals, apical foramen, and dentinal tubule. Meanwhile, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) are components of growth factors which increase in the inflammatory tissues. This study aimed to evaluate periodontal disease effects on the expression of VEGF and NGF in dental pulp.  Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 30 human dental pulp specimens were collected from 15 teeth with severe chronic periodontitis and 15 teeth with healthy periodontium. The percentage of stained cells (LI) and intensity of stained cells (VEGF and NGF) were calculated and compared between two groups by Independent t test and Fisher analysis. Results: The percentage of stained cells for VEGF in the case group was 34.514 and in the control group 35.473. The percentage of stained cells for NGF in the case group was 34.962 and in the control group 34.592. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant and qualitative difference between the case and control groups with regard to the intensity of stained cells (P>0.05).  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, severe periodontitis did not affect the expression of the VEGF and NGF in dental pulp.}, Keywords = {Immunohistochemistry, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Severe periodontitis, Dental Pulp}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.1.43}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Basirat, Maryam and Kia, Seyed Javad and Motevasseli, Safa and Dadvar, Zahr}, title = {Corticosteroids Indications in Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases: Side Effects, Dosage, and Administration}, abstract ={Introduction: Corticosteroid drugs are used to treat many lesions as well as inflammatory and immune-related diseases because of their suppression effect on the immune system and resulting anti-inflammatory reaction. This study aimed to evaluate the use of corticosteroids in oral and maxillofacial diseases as well as their side effects, dosage, and administration. Materials and Methods: This study was a review study by searching the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Articles, published from 2000 to 2018, with the keywords of “steroids”, “mouth”, “oral”, “maxillofacial”, “indication”, “side effects”, and “contraindications” were found and investigated. Conclusion: These drugs, due to their possible adverse effects like adrenal insufficiency, should be prescribed with caution after an assessment of its risk-reward ratio. Moreover, their nutritional recommendation, discontinuation, and complications should be considered.}, Keywords = {Steroids, Oral medicine, Adrenal insufficiency}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-56}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.51}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Maleki, Laleh and Arzhang, Elham and Alizadeh, Leili}, title = {A Review of Signet Ring Cells in Salivary Gland Tumors}, abstract ={Introduction: Signet Ring Cells (SRCs) are often seen in gastrointestinal tract, breast, bile duct, and lung invasive carcinomas. Observing these cells in benign and malignant lesions of the salivary glands is usual. Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma is rare and is commonly seen in the secondary salivary glands. The presence of SRCs in other neoplasms is usually associated with poor prognosis; however, the prognosis and the survival of malignant tumors of the salivary glands containing SRCs are not well known and few studies have been conducted on this topic. Materials and Methods: In this review article, 18 articles were reviewed from 1984 to 2017 in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE databases with the keywords of “salivary glands”, “parotid”, “submandibular”, “sublingual”, and “signet ring cells”. Results: Viewing SRCs in the salivary glands is not common. Although the SRC adenocarcinoma has a low incidence, some of them may have been reported as Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) and in fact, have a higher incidence. Conclusion: SRC adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands must be differentially diagnosed with more common tumors of these glands. Further studies are required to determine the exact prevalence of these salivary tumors that contain SRCs. Also, it seems necessary to predict their biological behavior.}, Keywords = {Signet Ring Cells, Salivary gland, Sublingual, Submandibular, Parotid, Salivary gland carcinoma }, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {57-62}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.57}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Karim and Rezaei, Amir and Samadi, Vahid and Hekmatfar, Somayeh}, title = {The Association Between Dental Anomalies and Hypodontia Among 9-20 Years Old Individuals in Ardabil City, Iran: A Causal-Comparative Study}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of dental anomalies and tooth agenesis. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs of 101 cases with tooth agenesis (except for the third molar) were studied and compared with those of a non-agenesis control group of 182 subjects. The subjects were within the age range of 9-20 years. The prevalence of dental anomalies in the agenesis group was compared with that in the non-agenesis group. Results: The subjects with hypodontia showed a significantly lower prevalence of dental anomalies. In the group with tooth agenesis, the prevalence of another dental anomaly was lower (P=0.026) with the OR of 1.78. However, there was a higher rate of dental anomalies in the control group. The highest frequencies were observed for the agenesis of mandibular second premolar, then maxillary second premolar, and finally maxillary lateral incisors in this order. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental anomalies in the agenesis group was relatively low and evenly distributed among genders and jaws. The most commonly affected teeth were the mandibular second premolar, then maxillary second premolar, and lastly maxillary lateral incisors in this order.}, Keywords = {Hypodontia, Radiography, Panoramic}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {63-68}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.63}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-317-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Basirat, Maryam and Pakfetrat, Atesa and JavadzadehBolouri, Abbas and HoseinpourJajarm, Hassan and Hassanpour, Pari}, title = {Evaluation of Malpractice in Patients Referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department of Mashhad Dental School}, abstract ={Introduction: Medical errors in dentistry refer to mistakes during operation or other dental procedures, negligence during treatment, and delayed treatment despite observing unusual results after examinations or other paraclinical tests. Generally, diagnostic errors often cause delay in or incorrect treatment. This study evaluates the rate of unnecessary or incorrect treatment of oral and maxillofacial lesions in patients referred to the Oral Medicine Department of Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 372 patients referred to the Oral Medicine Department of Mashhad Dental School in 2010. After collecting their demographics, they were examined by two oral health professionals. Depending on the type of the lesion, the patients underwent a follow-up or pathological examination. In this way, the final diagnosis was made for each patient and they were treated accordingly. In the end, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS and the results were presented using by descriptive statistics in tables and graphs. Results: The Mean±SD of time between the onset of symptoms and confirmation of diagnosis was 22.62±12.2 months (range: 1 day to 15 years). The Mean±SD of time between the first visit to a physician and the referral to the Oral Department was 12.64±4.39 months (range: 0 days to 11 years). At the last referral to the physician and before referring to the department, 200(53.8%) patients did not receive treatment, while 69(18.5%) received correct treatment, 80 (21.5%) incorrect treatment, and 23(6.2%) unnecessary treatment. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, about half of the patients did not receive dental treatment, about 20% received incorrect treatment and about 6% unnecessary treatment. Timely referral to a dental specialist for diagnosis and treatment is better than incorrect and unnecessary treatment (which delays treatment and even cause wrong diagnosis due to the temporary improvement of some lesions). A comprehensive effort should be made to find out the causes of misdiagnoses and resolve them through the promotion of education and development of teamwork between physicians and dentists.}, Keywords = {Malpractice, Therapy, Oral Medicine, Error}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {69-76}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.69}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Pournasiri, Ilnaz and NeshandarAsli, Hamid and Abbaspour, Reza and Maleki, Di}, title = {The Effects of Different Sterilization Methods on the Uniformity of Diamond Dental Burs and Changes in the Cutting Edge Carbide Burs}, abstract ={Introduction: Dental burs are among the most commonly used instruments in dental offices and have the most possible cross-contamination risks. The sterilization of dental burs is highly noted and necessary. The present study evaluated the effects of different sterilization methods on the uniformity of diamond dental burs and changes in the cutting edge carbide burs. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, to assess the results of sterilization, 36 burs (18 diamond burs and 18 carbide burs) were studied. In total, 18 diamond burs using R software were randomly divided into the 3 groups of 6 burs (dry-clave group, autoclave group, and cold sterilization group). Each group was divided into the 2 subgroups of 3 burs; the first subgroup received 5 cycles and the second subgroup received 15 cycles of sterilization. The same process was used for 18 carbide burs to categorize them into groups and subgroups. A pre-assessment was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). After the sterilization cycles, a post-test SEM was performed. Adobe Photoshop 2017 was used in a gray scale of 12 to compare the pre-test and post-test differences. Kruskal-Wallis test, Analysis of Variance, Mann-Whitney U test, and Post Hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS at a significance level of P=0.05. Results: Dry-clave was the best approach in 5 cycles of sterilization for diamond and carbide burs. Moreover, autoclave was the best method for 5 cycles of sterilization (P<0.05). In 15 cycles of sterilization of diamond and carbide burs, the best method was auto-clave which exhibited a significant difference in carbide burs. Conclusion: Dry-clave and autoclave were the most appropriate approaches for 5 and 15 cycles of sterilization of diamond burs, respectively. In sterilization of carbide, in both 5 and 15 cycles, autoclave was the best method. All of the sterilization methods caused corrosion, discoloration, and the loss of integrity in carbide burs; however, these changes were minimum in the autoclave method. In conclusion, auto-clave method is recommended due to causing the least changes in carbide and diamond burs.}, Keywords = {Dental burs, Sterilization, Diamond, Carbide, Dentistry}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-84}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.77}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Gholinia, Faegheh and DaliliKajan, Zahra and Irannezhad, Azi}, title = {Nonsurgical Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion in an Adult Patient}, abstract ={Transverse maxillary deficiency is relatively prevalent in orthodontic patients. This article reports the use of a Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) device for the correction of transverse skeletal maxillary constriction in an adult patient. The patient was a 20-year-old girl with a transverse maxillary deficiency and bilateral posterior crossbite. A MARPE device was positioned on her palate using 4 miniscrews. The activation protocol was one-quarter turn per day every other day, with a total activation duration of 10 weeks following with a 3-month retention period. Pre-MARPE and post-MARPE cone-beam computed tomography cross sections presented a skeletal expansion of maxilla. This report confirms the effective treatment of a mature patient with severe maxillary constriction, highly deep palate, and posterior crossbite using a custom-made modification of MARPE.}, Keywords = {Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion, Adult, Expansion, Cone-beam computed tomography}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {85-93}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.2.85}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-319-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Etemadi, Shahab and Karbasikheir, Mitra and Khoroushi, Maryam}, title = {Sensitivity and Specificity of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Periapical Radiography in Detecting Artificial Buccal Recurrent Caries}, abstract ={Introduction: Recurrent or secondary caries develops at the margin of restorations and causes restorative failure. This study was conducted to compare the performance of Phosphor Storage Plate (PSP) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan in detecting artificial buccal recurrent caries. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 42 extracted human premolars and molars selected by simple sampling method. The inclusion criterion was the intact crown, and the exclusion criteria were previous restorations and significant caries. Twenty-one teeth were filled with amalgam, and the other 21 teeth were filled with composite resin. Artificial buccal recurrent caries was simulated on eleven amalgams and ten composite restored teeth. The teeth were randomly mounted on acrylic resin arches. CBCT and intraoral parallel periapical radiographs (with PSP) were taken to detect recurrent caries under restorations. Kappa coefficients were computed to evaluate the inter-observer agreement of the images taken by CBCT and PSP systems, and the sensitivity and specificity of CBCT and PSP were calculated Results: The sensitivity of amalgam and composite resin restorations in the tangential and cross-sectional plane were 18.2, 81.8, and 50, 100, respectively. The sensitivity of amalgam and composite resin restorations evaluated by PSP were 63.64 and 100, respectively. The specificity of amalgam and composite resin restorations in the tangential and cross-sectional plane were 90, 100 and 100, 100, respectively. The specificity of amalgam and composite resin restorations evaluated by PSP were 100 and 90.91, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the study, the sensitivity of CBCT in different planes was higher than that of PSP, and the cross-sectional plane had more sensitivity than a tangential plane in the detection of recurrent caries. It is suggested that the teeth with true caries be used instead of artificial buccal caries to compare PSP and CBCT.}, Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Dental caries, Radiography}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {95-102}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.95}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ashraf, Hengameh and MojtahedBidabadi, Maryam and Noghlachi, Tannaz and Darmiani, Soheil}, title = {Controlling Postendodontic Pain in Comparison to Placebo: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Introduction: After Root Canal Treatment (RCT), pain control is a concern in dentistry. This double-blind study aimed to compare the efficacy of Celebrex (celecoxib) with placebo in controlling endodontic pain. We, therefore, investigated whether or not Celebrex for pain prevention following endodontic pain therapy is better than placebo.  Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blind study included 43 patients with symptomatic teeth. The patients consented to a prophylactic oral administration of 400mg of celecoxib, 400mg of Celebrex, or a placebo before RCT. The patients recorded their degree of pain intensity on a 170 mm Visual Analog Scale, immediately postoperative, and at time intervals of 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48h after treatment. The SPSS V. 16 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney and Freidman tests and Significance level was set at 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between celecoxib and placebo group (P>0.05), whereas the mean pain score was always lower for the celecoxib versus placebo group. The prophylactic Celebrex administration significantly reduced post-endodontic pain after initiation of RCT comparing with celecoxib and placebo group.  Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate that the Celebrex may be more effective than celecoxib for the management of postoperative endodontic pain.}, Keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Placebo, Pain management}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-108}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.103}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Karbasikheir, Mitra and Fathollahzadeh, Hossei}, title = {Assessment of Accessory Mental Foramen by Cone-beam Computerized Tomography}, abstract ={Introduction: Any additional foramen except mental foramen in the mandibular body that transfers mental nerve and vessels is called Accessory Mental Foramen (AMF). The objective of this study was the determination of the AMF using Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 180 CBCT images selected by simple sampling method. We checked AMF presence in tangential and cross-sectional slices. Each of them had a connection with the inferior alveolar canal in the cross-sectional slices and had an opening in the buccal surface of the mandibular body. The position of AMF was assessed on reconstructed 3D CBCT images or tangential images in eight regions of postero-superior, postero-inferior, postero-anterior, antero-superior, posterior, superior, inferior, and anterior regions. We used descriptive analysis to examine the presence of AMF based on sex and age on each side. Results: The prevalence rates of AMF were 3.3% and 5.6% in the right and left sides, respectively. There were 2 (1.1%) image samples with AMF on both sides. There were no significant difference between the presence of AMF and gender (right side P=0.42, left side P=0.73) and age (right side P=0.30, left side P=0.32).  Conclusion: There are variations in the incidence and location of the AMF; therefore, CBCT is an effective tool for 3D preoperative assessment of AMF.}, Keywords = {Mandibular nerve, Prevalence, Cone-beam computed tomography, sex}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {109-114}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.109}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghamari, Maryam and EbrahimiKhaneghah, Anita and Sefidi, Fateme and Ghasemi, Sharareh}, title = {Prescription of Antibiotics and Corticosteroids Following Endodontic Procedures: Study of General Dentists in Qazvin, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is an alarming development. One of the major causes of antibiotic resistance is the improper prescription of antibiotics. This study sought to assess prescription of antibiotics and corticosteroids following endodontic procedures by general dentists practicing in Qazvin City, Iran.  Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all 108 general dentists practicing in Qazvin City, Iran in 2016. The relevant data were collected using a questionnaire. Then, the obtained data were analyzed via Chi-square test, ANOVA, Independent t-test, and Pearson correlation test using SPSS version 20. Results: The first and second choice antibiotics prescribed by general dentists for patients not allergic to penicillin were penicillin V (35.1%) and amoxicillin (20.8%). For allergic patients, clindamycin (29.9%) and metronidazole (20.8%) were the first and second choice. Most dentists (44.2%) prescribed antibiotics for cellulitis. In case of persistence of systemic signs/symptoms of infection for more than 2-3 days, 24.7% of dentists prescribed penicillin injection and 23.4% prescribed metronidazole. For life-threatening infections, 44.2% prescribed amoxicillin plus metronidazole and 16.1% prescribed amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. None of the responses for antibiotic prophylaxis were complete. Regarding the administration of corticosteroids, 40.3% preferred extra-oral intramuscular injection and 13% preferred tablets. Regarding contraindications for corticosteroid therapy, 9.1% of dentists gave a correct response. There was no significant correlation between gender and information (P=0.48), but the correlation between age and information was inverse and statistically significant (P=0.04). Conclusion: The majority of contributed dentists in this study had insufficient information and needed further educational courses in this respect. }, Keywords = {Anti-bacterial agents, Adrenal cortex hormones, Endodontics, Therapeutics}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {115-122}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.115}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Malekzadeh, Meisam and Nosrati, Mahsa and Maleki, Di}, title = {Assessment of Dental Student\' Knowledge of Tooth Wear: Diagnosis, Prevalence and Treatment: A Randomized Questionnaire-based Cross-sectional Study}, abstract ={Introduction: A sizable increase in the outbreak of tooth attrition and especially dental erosion has been observed. Detection of tooth wear procedure, adequate prevention, and effective interference in the early stage will avoid the adverse effect on teeth performance and elegance. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the level of awareness of senior dental students (general dentists) on the prevalence, prevention, and treatment of tooth wear.  Materials and Methods: Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 122 senior students of dental school in Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali, Pardis, Iran, were examined through census method in 2016. The data collection tools were construction questionnaire consists of 25 questions which their validity and reliability have been approved. The obtained data were entered into SPSS V. 21 and descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics, independent t-test at the significant level of P<0.05 was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the present study showed that the majority of students had moderate awareness level. Test results showed that the students had authentic awareness only in three areas of the facet occlusion (P=0.001), in the early signs of tooth wear (P<0.001), and in occlusal loading (P=0.014).  Conclusion: The results of this study showed that students had average information about prevalence, prevention, and treatment of various tooth wear stages. In this regard, it seems necessary to pay attention to teaching and learning content related to tooth wear.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Preventive dentistry, Tooth wear}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {123-128}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.123}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Talatof, Zahra and Behbahanirad, Arghavan and Arazi, Aida and Azad, Azit}, title = {Reliability and Reproducibility of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System Index in Evaluation of Dental Decay in People Aged 25-40 Years}, abstract ={Introduction: The most commonly used scale to detect dental caries is the Decay-Missing-Filled (DMF) index. Since the DMF index cannot identify early carious lesions, the new International Caries Diagnosis and Assessment System (ICDAS) was developed. Since the ICDAS index is not included in the dental education courses in Iran, the present study aimed to assess the reliability and reproducibility of the this index after adequate training. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 employees in one of the hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, were selected using the convenience sampling method as research subjects, and were examined by two examiners calibrated for DMF index and two examiners calibrated for ICDAS. The agreement between two examiners in each system was investigated using the Kappa coefficient of agreement. One of the DMF examiners and one of the ICDAS examiners examined the sample two weeks later again. The internal agreement of these examiners with their primary examinations was evaluated using the Kappa coefficient.  Results: the ICDAS index, the intra-examiner and the inter-examiner Kappa coefficients were 0.915 and 0.874, and for the DMF index, these indices were 0.903 and 0.833, respectively. These findings indicate almost a complete agreement between the examiners.  Conclusion: Both indices had good reliability and reproducibility. The ICDAS index was useful and applicable for dentists and dental students for diagnosing non-cavitated caries lesions, Therefore, integrating this index in the dental educational courses of Iranian students following further studies seems to be useful in moving toward minimal intervention dentistry.}, Keywords = {Dental Caries, Reproducibility of results, Students, Dental Cross- Sectional Studies, Education, Dental}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {129-136}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.3.129}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Malekzadeh, Meisam and Ezoji, Mehrdad and Maleki, Di}, title = {Knowledge and Practice of Dental Students in Guilan University about Halitosis: A Randomized Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Halitosis (bad breath) is one of the common causes of referral to dental clinics. Dentists require adequate knowledge and good practice to evaluate and manage halitosis. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of dental students in Guilan University of Medical Sciences on halitosis. Materials and Methods: A simple randomized, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study on the knowledge and practice of dental students about halitosis in dental faculty of Guilan University of Medical Science (GUMS) was conducted. 140 subjects were selected using stratified random sampling technique. students belonging to dental faculty of GUMS were Included and subjects unwilling for the study were excluded. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 20 by Chi-squared, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), t-test, and regression analysis. Results: Mean age of subjects were 23.5 years. 53.6% subject had moderate knowledge about halitosis. The results revealed that the fifth and sixth year students had more information than the third and fourth year students (P<0.0001). Comparing the performance of female and male students indicated a better hygiene status in females. Based on Chi-squared test results, the frequency of using mouthwash was significant in terms of the academic year (P=0.049). Conclusion: The mean knowledge score of students about halitosis was moderate. knowledge score and oral hygiene status had no significant relationship with marital status. Despite females having a significant better oral hygiene compared to males, the knowledge score about halitosis had no relation with gender. Students with higher academic grades, had significantly higher knowledge score about halitosis and maintained a significant better oral hygiene by using  Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth wash more frequently. }, Keywords = {Awareness, Halitosis, Dental students}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {137-144}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.4.137}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Tafakhori, Zahra and Sheykhfathollahi, Mahmood and Nemati, Somayeh}, title = {Evaluating the Distance Between Posterior Teeth and the Maxillary Sinus Floor Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography}, abstract ={Introduction: The topography of the sinus floor and its relationship with maxillary teeth roots vary with age, pneumatization size and grade, positioning of the teeth, and genetics. Objectives: This study used Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the distance between posterior teeth and the maxillary sinus floor in patients of Rafsanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 35 CBCT radiographs of patients over 20 years old, who were referred to a private oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic in Rafsanjan for dentistry procedures. CBCT imaging was performed. After obtaining Multi-Planar Reformatted (MPR) images, a maxillofacial radiologist measured the vertical relationships between all roots of posterior maxillary teeth and the maxillary sinus floor and classified them as described by Didilescu et al. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V. 21. Results: Generally, the distobuccal root of the second molars had the shortest distance from the maxillary sinus floor. The statistical tests showed no significant relationships among the measured distances and age, gender, or the assessed region. Conclusion: Since the distance between posterior maxillary teeth and maxillary sinus floor was mostly type 0 in the population of Rafsanjan, clinicians are recommended to use CBCT to obtain adequate knowledge of anatomy and morphological details of tooth roots before any treatment, especially surgical procedures.}, Keywords = {CBCT, Maxillary sinus, Posterior teeth}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {145-150}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.4.145}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {AhmadianBabaki, Fatemeh and Daneshvar, Seyedeh Hediyeh and Moslemi, Masume and Zare, Mahdieh}, title = {Effect of Different Fluoridated Toothpastes on the Enamel Microhardness of Primary Teeth}, abstract ={Introduction: Using fluoridated toothpaste is the most feasible and common form of applying fluoride. Fluoride absorption could increase tooth microhardness. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the changes of primary tooth enamel microhardness following KAM, BATH, and CREST pediatric toothpaste use. Materials and Methods: In total, 45 healthy primary molar teeth were randomly divided into three 15-membered groups. The microhardness of samples was measured before the test (step 1). Each sample was immersed into 5mL of 1% stirred citric acid; then, in 10 mL of 1%, unstirred citric acid for 15 minutes, and microhardness was re-measured (step 2). Then, the samples were immersed in the suspension of three different toothpaste types (5 g toothpaste +10 mL artificial saliva). Microhardness was re-measured 10 days later (step 3). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: Demineralization decreased the surface microhardness of enamel (P=0.001). Moreover, the surface microhardness recovery was significant in all groups (P=0.001). The greatest recovery in microhardness after the treatment with toothpastes belonged to KAM toothpaste; however, there were no significant differences between surface microhardness produced by the three toothpastes. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in microhardness changes after applying KAM (MFP, 200 ppm), BATH (MFP, 132 ppm) and CREST (NaF, 500 ppm) toothpastes. Thus, the use of Iranian pediatric toothpastes, which are inexpensive and have lower concentration of fluoride, are recommended.}, Keywords = {Fluorides, Hardness, Dental Enamel, Toothpastes}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {151-156}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.4.151}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, Elnaz and Nosrati, Alireza and Fallah, Niloofar and Nazifi, Maryam}, title = {The Compaction Index of Root Canal Obturation With Different Gutta-Percha Tapers and Finger Spreaders}, abstract ={Introduction: The most prevalent approach for the obturation of roots, which are treated endodontically, is lateral condensation. Finger spreaders insignificantly affect packing the gutta-percha cones. This survey aimed to compare the compaction index of root canal obturation obtained with Stainless Steel (SS) and Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) spreaders and different gutta-percha tapers. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth. In group 1, the canals were filled with 0.02 tapered gutta-percha and SS spreader; group 2 with 0.02 tapered gutta-percha and Ni-Ti spreader; group 3, with 0.04 tapered gutta-percha and SS spreader, and group 4 with 0.04 tapered gutta-percha and Ni-Ti spreader. The compaction index was compared among the different groups using the Independent Samples t-test. Results: The mean compaction index for the groups that were filled with 0.02 tapered gutta-percha cones was 1.44 with the use of SS spreaders and 1.18 with the use of Ni-Ti spreader; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the mean compaction index for the groups that were obturated with 0.04 tapered gutta-percha cones was 1.561 with the use of SS spreaders and 1.269 with the use of Ni-Ti spreaders. Similarly, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The obturation compaction index was higher when using SS spreaders and 0.04 tapered gutta-percha cones; however, the differences were not statistically significant.}, Keywords = {Gutta-Percha, Stainless Steel, titanium nickelide, Nickel Titanium, Root canal obturation}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {163-166}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.4.163}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-327-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NeshandarAsli, Hamid and Masoumi, Hossein and BabaeeHemmati, Yasamin and Falahchai, Mehr}, title = {At What Age Do People in Iran Use Complete Denture for the First Time? A Cross-Sectional Study Within a 10-Year Period}, abstract ={Introduction: Becoming completely edentulous is a major concern of dentists and other health care providers. It mostly targets aged population and has numerous comorbidities. An old-fashion but currently used treatment plan for edentulism is the complete denture method. In this study, we aimed to investigate the time when older people in Iran are in need of complete dentures and the reasons for tooth loss in this country.  Materials and Methods: The medical records of 200 patients were collected from Shahid Heidari dental clinic for the study. Patients were completely edentulous and treated with complete dentures for the first time. Their systemic disease, periodontitis and smoking status were analyzed at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The Mean±SD age for becoming edentulous was 52.1±1.07 years. Most populated age group was 45-50 and 55-60 years. Systemic disease and periodontitis was reported more in younger patients, while most of those who smoke aged more than 52 years. Conclusion: It can be concluded that  the mean age of becoming edentulous in Iran is significantly lower than in other countries and more studies are required to assess the current status of edentulism in Iran. There is also a need for implementing an enhanced dental care plan for Iranian elderly population.}, Keywords = {Smoking, Periodontitis, Dental Clinics, Mouth, Edentulous Denture, Complete}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {167-172}, publisher = {}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/3dj.7.4.167}, url = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.html}, eprint = {http://3dj.gums.ac.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Dentomaxillofacial}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, year = {2018} }